Wartime Issue 27

Soldier snaps on the Western Front

The familiar record of Australian soldiers’ experience on the Western Front comes mostly from the work of the official photographers. Less well known is the surviving record of photographs taken by fighting men who carried cameras. In putting together a collection of photographs from the Western Front (The Western Front 1916–1918, ABC Books, 2004), and researching the background to these images, it was the soldier-photographers who grabbed my attention and whose work was so fascinating that it seemed, somehow, to be insisting on “equal time” with the images of the official photographers.

The end result was a book that is organised on two thematic axes. On the one hand, I have tried to run together the Australian experience of war and the story of the camera at war, in order to clarify, as best I can, what it is that we are looking at when we pour over these wonderful, intriguing, remarkable images. I took the view that it was important to know something about who was taking the photographs and why.

On the other hand, I have tried to sort out the special, distinctive qualities of both the official photographs that appear in the book and the work of the soldierphotographers. Not only was the soldiers’ photographic work unauthorised – it was illegal. That alone makes the genre quite distinctive.

Thousands of Australian soldiers took a camera to war. Their departure for Gallipoli and then France was in time for the taking of mass-produced Kodak Vest Pocket cameras – so perfect for the job that the company marketed the camera with lines like “you can load it much as you load a rifle”.

But, by the time Australian soldiers were on the Western Front all cameras for personal use were banned – they endangered security and they diverted fighting men from their tasks. The surviving record of soldier photographs suggests many soldiers ignored the ban and kept “snapping”. Soldiers took photographs contrary to orders; they smuggled out rolls of film and they got new film by equally tricky means. Photography was another defiant “lark”. It was also part of the soldiers’ tourist expectations – the quid pro quo for risking life and limb on the battlefield. And it was a vital link with home. In The Western Front 1916–1918, I’ve tried to develop this last point in particular because this was a fundamental difference between official photography and soldier-photography.

The official photographers were making a record of AIF achievement for the nation and for posterity. But the fighting men with cameras – and there were thousands of them – were not doing this. The soldierphotographers compiled a very personal record of travel, mateship and life on the battlefield. Their imagined audience was not the nation but the mates in the battalion and the family or other loved ones at home. The end result is a genre with purpose and meaning all of its own.

An Australian official photograph of American dead laid out near Gillemont Farm, October 1918.This is a digitally combined panorama made up of three separate images.
AWM E04942P

AWM EZ0147
Four unidentified gunners pose with some German weapons captured by the 13th Battalion during the battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918.
AWM C01749

An Australian asleep in the second line of trenches during the fighting for Bullecourt, May 1917.
AWM E00455

Australian soldiers sporting helmets and cups captured in the battle
of Pozières, July 1916.
AWM EZ0135

Fifth Division men on the Montauban Road near Mametz, December 1916.
AWM E00019

A scene on the Menin Road near Hooge during the battle of 20 September 1917.
AWM E00711

Men of the 27th Battalion with their “souvenired” pets.
AWM E02427

Author

Peter Cochrane is the author of many books, including a biography of John Kirkpatrick Simpson.